{"id":30917,"date":"2026-06-11T03:08:47","date_gmt":"2026-06-11T03:08:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hardnesstests.com\/?p=30917"},"modified":"2026-06-11T03:08:49","modified_gmt":"2026-06-11T03:08:49","slug":"brinell-hardness-test","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hardnesstests.com\/fr\/brinell-hardness-test\/","title":{"rendered":"Brinell Hardness Test: Principles, Procedure and Applications"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-introduction-to-the-brinell-hardness-test\"><strong>Introduction to the Brinell Hardness Test<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Le <strong>Brinell hardness test<\/strong> is one of the oldest and most widely recognized methods for measuring the hardness of metals and engineering materials. Known for its reliability and ability to test large or coarse-grained materials, the Brinell method remains a preferred choice in many industrial sectors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Unlike hardness tests that measure indentation depth, the Brinell hardness test determines hardness by measuring the diameter of an indentation created by a hard ball under a specified load. This approach provides a representative measurement of material hardness, particularly for castings, forgings, and structural metals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Today, the Brinell hardness test is widely used in manufacturing, metallurgy, heavy industry, and quality control laboratories around the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-is-the-brinell-hardness-test\"><strong>What Is the Brinell Hardness Test?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-definition-and-purpose\"><strong>D\u00e9finition et objectif<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Le <strong>Brinell hardness test<\/strong> is an indentation hardness testing method that measures a material\u2019s resistance to deformation by pressing a hard tungsten carbide ball into its surface under a controlled load.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The test is commonly used to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Verify material quality<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Evaluate mechanical properties<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Monitor production consistency<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Inspect castings and forgings<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Support material certification<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-importance-in-material-testing\"><strong>Importance in Material Testing<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Hardness is often related to important material properties such as strength, wear resistance, and durability. The Brinell method provides a practical and reliable way to assess these characteristics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Its large indentation area makes it especially useful for materials with non-uniform microstructures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-history-of-the-brinell-hardness-test\"><strong>History of the Brinell Hardness Test<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The Brinell hardness test was developed in 1900 by <strong>Johan August Brinell<\/strong>, a Swedish engineer who sought a simple and reliable method for evaluating metal hardness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The test quickly gained acceptance due to its accuracy and ease of use. More than a century later, it remains one of the most trusted hardness testing methods in industrial applications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-the-brinell-hardness-test-works\"><strong>How the Brinell Hardness Test Works<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-basic-testing-principle\"><strong>Basic Testing Principle<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The Brinell method involves pressing a hard ball indenter into the surface of a material under a specified load.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After removing the load, the diameter of the resulting indentation is measured and used to calculate the hardness value.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-indenter-and-test-force\"><strong>Indenter and Test Force<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Modern Brinell testing typically uses:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Tungsten carbide ball indenter<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ball diameters ranging from 1 mm to 10 mm<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Test loads ranging from 1 kgf to 3000 kgf<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The combination of ball size and load depends on the material being tested.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-measuring-the-indentation\"><strong>Mesure de l'empreinte<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The indentation diameter is measured using:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Microscopes optiques<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Syst\u00e8mes d'imagerie num\u00e9rique<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Automatic measurement software<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The average diameter is then used to determine the hardness value.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-brinell-hardness-number-hbw-explained\"><strong>Brinell Hardness Number (HBW) Explained<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-understanding-hbw-values\"><strong>Understanding HBW Values<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Brinell hardness results are expressed as <strong>HBW<\/strong> (Hardness Brinell Tungsten Carbide).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En voici quelques exemples :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>120 HBW<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>220 HBW<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>350 HBW<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Higher HBW values indicate greater resistance to indentation and generally higher hardness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-factors-affecting-results\"><strong>Factors Affecting Results<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Several factors can influence Brinell hardness values:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/hardnesstests.com\/fr\/products\/\">Surface condition<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/hardnesstests.com\/fr\/products\/\">Test load selection<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/hardnesstests.com\/fr\/products\/\">Indenter condition<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Material thickness<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Operator technique<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Proper testing procedures help ensure accurate results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"736\" height=\"552\" src=\"https:\/\/hardnesstests.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/81.jpg\" alt=\"Brinell hardness test performed on steel specimen\" class=\"wp-image-30791\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hardnesstests.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/81.jpg 736w, https:\/\/hardnesstests.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/81-400x300.jpg 400w, https:\/\/hardnesstests.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/81-16x12.jpg 16w, https:\/\/hardnesstests.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/81-700x525.jpg 700w, https:\/\/hardnesstests.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/81-150x113.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 736px) 100vw, 736px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-brinell-hardness-test-procedure\"><strong>Brinell Hardness Test Procedure<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-sample-preparation\"><strong>Pr\u00e9paration de l'\u00e9chantillon<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Before testing:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Clean the surface<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Remove scale or contaminants<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ensure sufficient specimen thickness<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Provide stable support<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Proper preparation improves repeatability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-applying-the-test-load\"><strong>Applying the Test Load<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The machine applies a specified force through the carbide ball indenter for a defined dwell time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-measuring-the-indentation-diameter\"><strong>Measuring the Indentation Diameter<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>After the load is removed, the indentation diameter is measured in multiple directions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The average value is used for hardness calculations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-calculating-hardness-values\"><strong>Calculating Hardness Values<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Modern digital systems automatically calculate HBW values based on:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ball diameter<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Force d'essai<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Measured indentation diameter<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>This eliminates manual calculation errors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-equipment-used-in-brinell-hardness-testing\"><strong>Equipment Used in Brinell Hardness Testing<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-brinell-hardness-testers\"><strong>Appareils d'essai de duret\u00e9 Brinell<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Common types include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Manual testers<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Digital testers<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Automatic testers<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Integrated production systems<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-carbide-ball-indenters\"><strong>Carbide Ball Indenters<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Tungsten carbide balls are used because of their excellent wear resistance and dimensional stability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-optical-measurement-systems\"><strong>Optical Measurement Systems<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Measurement devices may include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Microscopes optiques<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Digital cameras<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Automated image analysis systems<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-digital-brinell-testing-technology\"><strong>Digital Brinell Testing Technology<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Modern testers often feature:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Touchscreen interfaces<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Automatic indentation measurement<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Statistical reporting<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Data storage and export<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>These capabilities improve efficiency and traceability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-advantages-of-the-brinell-hardness-test\"><strong>Advantages of the Brinell Hardness Test<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The Brinell method offers several advantages:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Suitable for large components<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Excellent for coarse-grained materials<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reliable average hardness values<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Well-established international standard<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Good correlation with tensile strength<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Effective for castings and forgings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>These benefits make it highly valuable in heavy industry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-limitations-of-the-brinell-hardness-test\"><strong>Limitations of the Brinell Hardness Test<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Despite its strengths, the Brinell method has some limitations:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Larger indentation size<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Slower than Rockwell testing<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Not ideal for thin materials<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Limited use on finished surfaces<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Requires optical measurement<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>For small or thin specimens, Vickers testing may be more suitable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-industrial-applications\"><strong>Applications industrielles<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-steel-production\"><strong>Steel Production<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Brinell testing is widely used to evaluate structural steels and heavy-duty metal products.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-cast-iron-components\"><strong>Cast Iron Components<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The method provides reliable results for cast iron due to its large indentation area.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-forgings-and-castings\"><strong>Forgings and Castings<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Brinell testing is commonly used during production and final inspection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-heavy-machinery-manufacturing\"><strong>Heavy Machinery Manufacturing<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Les applications comprennent<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Industrial equipment<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Construction machinery<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mining equipment<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Large mechanical components<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-quality-control-laboratories\"><strong>Laboratoires de contr\u00f4le de la qualit\u00e9<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Laboratories use Brinell testing to verify compliance with material specifications and standards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-brinell-vs-rockwell-hardness-test\"><strong>Brinell vs Rockwell Hardness Test<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Feature<\/th><th>Brinell<\/th><th>Rockwell<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>M\u00e9thode de mesure<\/td><td>Indentation Diameter<\/td><td>Indentation Depth<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Testing Speed<\/td><td>Mod\u00e9r\u00e9<\/td><td>Fast<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Large Components<\/td><td>Excellent<\/td><td>Good<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Optical Measurement<\/td><td>Required<\/td><td>Not Required<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Production Testing<\/td><td>Mod\u00e9r\u00e9<\/td><td>Excellent<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Rockwell testing is generally preferred for high-volume production environments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/hardnesstests.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/74.jpg\" alt=\"Brinell hardness test performed on steel specimen\" class=\"wp-image-30438\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hardnesstests.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/74.jpg 800w, https:\/\/hardnesstests.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/74-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/hardnesstests.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/74-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/hardnesstests.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/74-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/hardnesstests.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/74-12x12.jpg 12w, https:\/\/hardnesstests.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/74-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/hardnesstests.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/74-700x700.jpg 700w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-brinell-vs-vickers-hardness-test\"><strong>Brinell vs Vickers Hardness Test<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Feature<\/th><th>Brinell<\/th><th>Vickers<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Indentateur<\/td><td>Carbide Ball<\/td><td>Diamond Pyramid<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Thin Materials<\/td><td>Limited<\/td><td>Excellent<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Large Castings<\/td><td>Excellent<\/td><td>Good<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pr\u00e9cision<\/td><td>High<\/td><td>Very High<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Essai de microduret\u00e9<\/td><td>No<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Vickers testing offers greater flexibility for small and thin specimens.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-industry-standards-and-compliance\"><strong>Normes et conformit\u00e9 de l'industrie<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The Brinell hardness test is governed by internationally recognized standards including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>ASTM E10<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ISO 6506<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Pour des informations sur les normes officielles :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.astm.org\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ASTM International<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iso.org\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ISO Organisation de normalisation<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Compliance ensures reliable and globally accepted test results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-frequently-asked-questions\"><strong>Questions fr\u00e9quemment pos\u00e9es<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-1-what-is-the-brinell-hardness-test-used-for\"><strong>1. What is the Brinell hardness test used for?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>It is used to measure the hardness of metals by evaluating the size of an indentation created by a carbide ball under load.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-2-what-does-hbw-mean\"><strong>2. What does HBW mean?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>HBW stands for Brinell Hardness measured using a tungsten carbide ball indenter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-3-which-materials-are-suitable-for-brinell-testing\"><strong>3. Which materials are suitable for Brinell testing?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Steel, cast iron, forgings, castings, and other large metal components.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-4-is-the-brinell-hardness-test-destructive\"><strong>4. Is the Brinell hardness test destructive?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The test leaves a visible indentation, making it minimally destructive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-5-why-is-brinell-testing-preferred-for-castings\"><strong>5. Why is Brinell testing preferred for castings?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Its large indentation averages material variations and provides representative results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-6-what-is-the-difference-between-brinell-and-rockwell-testing\"><strong>6. What is the difference between Brinell and Rockwell testing?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Brinell measures indentation diameter, while Rockwell measures indentation depth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-conclusion\"><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Le <strong>Brinell hardness test<\/strong> remains one of the most reliable and widely used methods for evaluating the hardness of metals and industrial materials. Its ability to provide representative hardness values for large components, castings, and forgings makes it especially valuable in heavy manufacturing and metallurgical applications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By understanding the principles, procedures, advantages, and limitations of the Brinell hardness test, manufacturers and quality professionals can select the most appropriate testing method and ensure consistent material performance and product quality.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction to the Brinell Hardness Test The Brinell hardness test is one of the oldest and most widely recognized methods<\/p>","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":30289,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[117],"tags":[132],"class_list":["post-30917","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hardness-tester","tag-brinell-hardness-test"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.4 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Brinell Hardness Test: Principles, Procedure and Applications<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn about the Brinell hardness test, including its working principle, testing procedure, advantages, applications, standards.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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